7 Other operating expenses

In CHF million	2021	2020
Production and installation expenses	1 093	1 011
Employee-related expenses	243	252
Lease-related expenses	34	33
Maintenance and repairs	91	91
Energy supply and consumables	167	152
Insurance, fees, and capital taxes	83	88
Administration and marketing	367	345
Other operating expenses	221	202
Other operating income	–34	–13
Total other operating expenses	2 265	2 161

Employee-related expenses primarily consist of training costs, travel allowances, and work equipment. Lease-related expenses are detailed in note 18. The item Other operating expenses includes costs related to bad debt allowances, freight and transportation expenses, as well as expenditure on research and development activities. Refer to note 10 for more information about bad debt allowances.