7 Other operating expenses
| In CHF million | 2022 | 2021 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Production and installation expenses | 1 147 | 1 093 | ||
| Employee-related expenses | 278 | 243 | ||
| Lease-related expenses | 44 | 34 | ||
| Maintenance and repairs | 106 | 91 | ||
| Energy supply and consumables | 194 | 167 | ||
| Insurance, fees, and capital taxes | 78 | 83 | ||
| Administration and marketing | 366 | 367 | ||
| Other operating expenses | 198 | 221 | ||
| Other operating income | –22 | –34 | ||
| Total other operating expenses | 2 389 | 2 265 |
Employee-related expenses primarily consist of training costs, travel allowances, and work equipment. The item Other operating expenses includes costs related to bad debt allowances, freight and transportation expenses, as well as expenditure on research and development activities. Refer to note 10 for more information about bad debt allowances.